Negligence per se

a situation where the defendant has violated a statutory or judge-made rule, and that violation establishes the defendant’s negligence as a matter of law. Tort cases resulting in liability are usually cases where courts of appeals say that the jury was permitted to find the defendant negligent. With negligence per se, a JUDGE decides that the reasonable person standard has been breached as a matter of law—we do not even turn that decision over to the jury.